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The Malabar rebellion (also known as the "Moplah Rebellion", "മാപ്പിള ലഹള" ''Māppila Lahaḷa'' in Malayalam) was an armed uprising in 1921 against British authority and Hindu landlords〔 in the Malabar region of Southern India by Mappila Muslims and the culmination of a series of Mappila revolts that recurred throughout the 19th century and early 20th century.〔(Pg 461, Roland Miller, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol VI , Brill 1988 )〕 The 1921 rebellion began as a reaction against a heavy-handed crackdown on the Khilafat Movement〔The Khilafat movement (1919–1924) was a pan-Islamic, political campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British government and to protect the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. The position of Caliph after the Armistice of Mudros in October 1918 with the military occupation of Istanbul and Treaty of Versailles (1919) fell into hiatus along with the Ottoman Empire's existence. The movement gained force after the Treaty of Sèvres (August 1920) which solidified the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. In India, although mainly a Muslim religious phenonena, the movement became a part of the wider Indian independence movement and a discussion topic at the Conference of London in February 1920.〕 by the British authorities in the Eranad and Valluvanad ''taluks'' of Malabar. In the initial stages, a number of minor clashes took place between Khilafat volunteers and the police, but the violence soon spread across the region.〔 The Mappilas attacked and took control of police stations, British government offices, courts and government treasuries. The largely ''kudiyaan'' (tenant) Mappilas also attacked and killed ''jenmi'' (landlords) of the Hindu Nair and Brahmin Nambudiri castes. In the later stages of the uprising, Mappilas committed several atrocities against the Hindu community, who they accused of helping the police to suppress their rebellion.〔〔Page 622 , Peasant struggles in India, AR Desai, Oxford University Press – 1979〕 Annie Besant reported that Muslim Mappilas forcibly converted many Hindus and killed or drove away all Hindus who would not apostatise, totalling to one lakh (100,000). The British Government put down the rebellion with an iron fist, British and Gurkha regiments were sent to the area and Martial Law imposed.〔http://www.kerala.gov.in -> History -> Malabar Rebellion〕 One of the most noteworthy events during the suppression later came to be known as the "Wagon tragedy", in which 61 out of a total of 90 Mappila prisoners destined for the Central Prison in Podanur suffocated to death in a closed railway goods wagon.〔 For six months from August 1921, the rebellion extended over – some 40% of the South Malabar region of the Madras Presidency.〔Pg 58, The Mappilla Rebellion, 1921: Peasant Revolt in Malabar, Robert L. Hardgrave, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1 (1977), Cambridge University Press〕 An estimated 10,000 people lost their lives,〔Pg 361, A short survey of Kerala History, A. Sreedhara Menon, Vishwanathan Publishers 2006〕 although official figures put the numbers at 2337 rebels killed, 1652 injured and 45,404 imprisoned. Unofficial estimates put the number imprisoned at almost 50,000 of whom 20,000 were deported, mainly to the penal colony in the Andaman Islands, while around 10,000 went missing.〔Pg 45, Malabar: ''Desheeyathayude idapedalukal'' ( Malabar: involvement of nationalism), MT Ansari, DC Books〕 The most prominent leaders of the rebellion were Variankunnath Kunjahammad Haji, Sithi Koya Thangal and Ali Musliyar.〔 Estimates of the number of forced religious conversions range from 180 to 2500; 678 of the 50,000 rebels were charged with this crime. Contemporary British administrators and modern historians differ markedly in their assessment of the incident, debating whether the revolts were triggered off by religious fanaticism or agrarian grievances.〔K. N. Panikkar, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 17, No. 20 (15 May 1982), pp. 823–824〕 At the time, the Indian National Congress repudiated the movement and it remained isolated from the wider nationalist movement.〔Pg 67, The labor of development: workers and the transformation of capitalism in Kerala, India, Patrick Heller, Cornell University Press, 1999〕 However, contemporary Indian evaluations now view the rebellion as a national upheaval against British authority and the most important event concerning the political movement in Malabar during the period.〔 In its magnitude and extent, it was an unprecedented popular upheaval, the likes of which has not been seen in Kerala before or since. While the Mappilas were in the vanguard of the movement and bore the brunt of the struggle, several non-Mappila leaders actively sympathised with the rebels' cause, giving the uprising the character of a national upheaval.〔 In 1971, the Government of Kerala officially recognised the active participants in the events as "freedom fighters".〔 ==Background== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Malabar rebellion」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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